1 Basic Concepts of Metallic Materials1．1 Introduction1．2 Metallic Crystals Structures1．2．1 The Face-centered Cubic Crystal Structure1．2．2 The Body-centered Cubic Crystal Structure1．2．3 The Hexagonal Close-packed Crystal Structure1．3 Crystal Systems1．4 Crystallographic Directions1．5 Directions in Hexagonal Crystals1．6 Crystallographic PlanesWords and Expressions2 Strengthening Mechanisms2．1 Mechanisms of Strengthening in Metals2．1．1 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction2．1．2 Solid-solution Strengthening2．1．3 Strain Hardening2．2 Recovery， Recrystallization， and Grain Growth2．2．1 Recovery2．2．2 Recrystallization2．2．3 Grain GrowthWords and Expressions3 The History of Rolling3．1 The Early History of Rolling3．2 Late Developments in the Hot Rolling of Steel in Europe3．3 The Early Rolling of Steel in the United States3．4 Energy Source for Rolling Mills3．5 The Historical Development of Cold Rolling3．6 Modern Cold-reduction Facilities3．7 Foil Mills3．8 Temper or Skin Pass Mills3．9 Modern Hot Strip MillsWords and Expressions4 Classifications of Rolling Mills4．1 Main Components of a Mill Stand4．2 Classification of Mill Stands4．3 General Classification of Rolling Mills4．4 Components of High-production Hot Strip Mills4．5 Classification of High-production Hot Strip Mills4．6 Compact Hot Strip Mills4．7 Integrated Continuous Casting and Hot Rolling Process4．8 Cold Mill Arrangement4．9 Processing Lines Incorporating Cold MillsWords and Expressions5 Plate Mills5．1 Introduction5．2 Types of Mills Used for the Rolling of Plates5．3 Plate-mill DesignWords and Expressions6 Hot-Strip Mills6．1 Introduction6．2 Steckel Hot Mills6．3 Planetary Mills6．4 Semi-continuous Hot-strip Mills6．5 Continuous Hot-strip Mills6．6 Rougher Trains6．7 Finishing TrainsWords and Expressions7 Twin-roll Casting Technology7．1 Introduction7．2 Process Overview7．3 Nucor's Crawfordsville CASTRIP Facility7．4 The Limits of Present Thick and Thin Slab CastingWords and Expressions8 Metal Casting Processes8．1 History8．2 Advantages and Limitations8．3 Applications8．4 Casting Terms8．5 Sand Mould Making Procedure8．6 Melting Equipment for Non-ferrous Foundries8．7 Fluidity and PouringWords and Expressions9 Forging9．1 Classification of Forging Process9．2 Forging Equipment9．3 Open-die Forging9．4 Close-die Forging9．5 Calculation of Forging Loads in Closed-die Forging9．6 Forging Defects9．7 Residual Stresses in ForgingWords and Expressions ~10 Sheet-Metal Forming10．1 Introduction10．2 Forming Methods10．3 Shearing and Blanking10．4 Bending10．5 Stretch Forming10．6 Deep DrawingWords and Expressions11 Extrusion11．1 Classification of Extrusion Processes11．2 Extrusion Equipment11．3 Hot Extrusion11．4 Cold Extrusion and Cold Forming11．5 Hydrostatic Extrusion11．6 Extrusion of TubingWords and Expressions12 Classification of Welding ProcessesWords and Expressions13 Methods of Welding13．1 Types of Welded Joint13．2 Weld Formation13．3 Cold Pressure Welding13．4 Hot Pressure Welding13．5 Gas Heating13．6 Resistance Heating13．7 Induction Heating13．8 Friction WeldingWords and Expressions14 Welding Techniques for Manual Welding14．1 Operating Characteristics of Manual Metal Arc (MMA) Welding14．1．1 Welding Current14．1．2 Position of Welding14．1．3 Functions of Flux Covering14．2 Weld Metal Protection14．3 Arc Stabilization14．4 Control of Surface Profile14．5 Control of Weld Metal in Position14．6 Control of Weld Metal CompositionWords and Expressions15 Gas Shielded Arc Welding15．1 Historical Background15．2 Inert Gas Tungsten Arc Welding15．3 Electrode Polarity15．4 Arc Maintenance15．5 Direct Current Component15．6 Starting the Welding Arc15．7 Welding Techniques15．8 Stopping the Weld15．9 ApplicationsWords and ExpressionsAppendix 1： Academic Paper IAppendix 2： Academic Paper IIAppendix 3： Academic Paper IIIAppendix 4： Academic Paper IVReferences