ContentsPreface iiiChAPTER 1 Introduction 1Case Study: How the Free Market Rocked the Grid 21.1History of Electric Power Systems 101.2Present and Future Trends 171.3Electric Utility Industry Structure 201.4Computers in Power System Engineering 211.5PowerWorld Simulator 22ChAPTER 2 Fundamentals 29Case Study: Key Connections 302.1Phasors 382.2Instantaneous Power in Single-Phase AC Circuits 402.3Complex Power 452.4Network Equations 502.5Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 532.6Power in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 612.7Advantages of Balanced Three-Phase versus Single-Phase Systems 66ChAPTER 3 Power Transformers 69Case Study: Power Transformers—Life Management and Extension 703.1The Ideal Transformer 773.2Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers 833.3 The Per-Unit System 89ChAPTER 43.4Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift 973.5Per-Unit Equivalent Circuits of Balanced Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 1023.6Three-Winding Transformers 1073.7Autotransformers 1113.8Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios 113Transmission Line Parameters 123Case Study: Integrating North America’s Power Grid 124 Case Study: Grid Congestion - Unclogging the Arteriesof North America’s Power Grid 1294.1Transmission Line Design Considerations 1354.2Resistance 1404.3Conductance 1434.4Inductance: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 1434.5Inductance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 1484.6Inductance: Composite Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 1504.7Series Impedances: Three-Phase Line with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 1584.8Electric Field and Voltage: Solid Cylindrical Conductor 1634.9Capacitance: Single-Phase Two-Wire Line and Three-Phase Three-Wire Line with Equal Phase Spacing 1664.10Capacitance: Stranded Conductors, Unequal Phase Spacing, Bundled Conductors 1684.11Shunt Admittances: Lines with Neutral Conductors and Earth Return 1724.12Electric Field Strength at Conductor Surfaces and at Ground Level 1774.13Parallel Circuit Three-Phase Lines 180ContentsChAPTER 5 Transmission Lines: Steady-State Operation 183Case Study: The ABCs of HVDC Transmission Technologies: An Overview of High Voltage Direct Current Systems and Applications 1845.1Medium and Short Line Approximations 2045.2Transmission-Line Differential Equations 2115.3Equivalent p Circuit 2175.4Lossless Lines 2205.5Maximum Power Flow 2285.6Line Loadability 2305.7Reactive Compensation Techniques 235ChAPTER 6 Power Flows 241Case Study: Finding Flexibility—Cycling the Conventional Fleet 2426.1Direct Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Gauss Elimination 2626.2Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations: Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel 2666.3Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations: Newton-Raphson 2726.4The Power Flow Problem 2776.5Power Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel 2836.6Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson 2856.7Control of Power Flow 2956.8Sparsity Techniques 3016.9Fast Decoupled Power Flow 3046.10The “DC” Power Flow 3046.11Power Flow Modeling of Wind Generation 3066.12Economic Dispatch 3086.13Optimal Power Flow 321ChAPTER 7 Symmetrical Faults 325Case Study: Short-Circuit Modeling of a Wind Power Plant 3267.1Series R–L Circuit Transients 3457.2Three-Phase Short Circuit—Unloaded Synchronous Machine 348ChAPTER 8ChAPTER 9ChAPTER 107.3Power System Three-Phase Short Circuits 3527.4Bus Impedance Matrix 3557.5Circuit Breaker and Fuse Selection 365Symmetrical Components 373Case Study: Technological Progress in High-Voltage Gas-Insulated Substations 3748.1Definition of Symmetrical Components 3918.2Sequence Networks of Impedance Loads 3978.3Sequence Networks of Series Impedances 4048.4Sequence Networks of Three-Phase Lines 4068.5Sequence Networks of Rotating Machines 4088.6Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Two-Winding Transformers 4148.7Per-Unit Sequence Models of Three-Phase Three-Winding Transformers 4208.8Power