Chapter One  PrOnUnCiatiOn Course第一章  语音课程  1 Whatisyuyin?什么是语音？  2 What purposes does the course of English pronunciation serve?    为什么开设英语语音课程？  3 Why should you improve your English pronunciation?    为什么要改善发音？  4 What is a good pronunciation like?    什么样的发音才是好的发音？  5 What are phonetic barriers in communication?    什么是交际中的语音障碍？  6 What should you learn in this course?    本课程学什么？  7 How cail you learn this course well?    怎样学好本课程？  8 What is RP?And what is GA?    什么是标准英式发音？什么是标准美式发音？  9 Why should you team RP first?    为什么要先学标准英式发音？Chapter Two Phonetic Symbols第二章  音标知识  10 What are phonetic symbols for?And how much can they help in pronunciation learning?     音标有什么用途？学习音标对学习发音有什么帮助？  11 Why do different dictionaries differ in transcribing the same English word?     为什么不同词典对同一英语单词的注音存在不一致的情况？  12 How many systems of phonetic symbols are used in English publications in China?     Which is the most popular in English teaching?     我国英语类出版物使用的音标体系有多少种？哪种体系在英语教学中最流行？  13 What is the IPA?And what is the IPA for English?Are they the same?     什么是国际音标?英语国际音标是什么音标?两者是一回事吗？  14 In what ways is the Gimson system different from the D．J．system?     吉姆森体系与琼斯体系有哪些不同之处？  15 In what ways is the K．K．system different from the Gimson system?     K．K．体系与吉姆森体系有哪些不同之处？  16 What is broad transcription?And what is narrow transcription?     什么是宽式标音方式?什么是严式标音方式？  17 How to type IPA phonetic symbols for English that can be displayed in most computers?     怎样输入多数电脑都能显示的英语国际音标符号？  18 What problems should we pay attention to in ollr study and use of phonetic symbols?     英语音标的学习和使用过程中应该注意哪些问题？Chapter Three Speech Production and Sound Articulation第三章  语音发声及音素发音  19 What are the basic conditions for and the general process      of speech sound production?     发音的基本条件有哪些？过程是怎样的？  20 What can we learn from the difficulty in practicing ventriloquism?      腹语练习的困难对我们学习发音有什么启示？  21 Why should we learn about the workings of speech production as well as     methods of articulation?       为什么要了解发音原理和发音方法？  22 Why should WC choose a single variety of English pronunciation for      practicing English speech sounds?     为什么英语音素发音的学习要选定一种口音？  23 How many phonemes are there in the RP speech sound system?     标准英式发音语音体系中的音素有多少？  24 What is the relationship between a phoneme and its allophone(s)?     音位(音素)和音位变体是什么关系？  25 What is a personal variant of a phoneme?To what extent can we change      the sound quality of a phoneme?     什么是音位（音素）的个人变体？音素的音质变化范围有什么限定？  26 How can we make use of our mother tongue or other dialects we can speak      in learning of English speech sound pronunciation?     英语音素发音学习中如何积极有效地利用母语和其他方言？Chapter Four Articulation of Phonemes：Vowels第四章  音素发音：元音  27 What are the common characteristics ofvowels?     元音的共同特点是什么？  28 What are the characteristics ofpure vowels?     单元音的特点是什么？  29 What is a vowel chart?What information does a vowel chart include?     How much can the English vowel chart help US in understanding the      articulation ofeach English vowel?     什么是元音图？元音图里包含什么信息？英语元音图对我们了解英语元音发音有多大的帮助？  30 What makes one pure vowel different from another?     单元音之间的差别是由什么因素决定的？  31 How are the RP pure vowels further classified?     标准英式发音体系中的单元音是怎么细分的？  32 How can we avoid confusing the RP pure vowels with those in      Mandarin and how can we make good use of the Mandarin pure vowels      in learning the RP pure vowels(taking the Mandarin(i)and the English     ／i：／ or／I／for example)?     如何避免标准英式发音体系中的单元音与普通话的单元音混淆？     如何利用普通话的单元音学习标准英式发音体系中的单元音（以普通话     的(i)和英语的／i：／或／i／为例）？  33 How can we articulate the RP／o：／and／A／?And how can we tell／aft or／A／     from the Mandarin(Q)?     标准英式发音体系中的／a:／和／A／怎么发音？如何将／□:／或／□／与普通话的(Q)区分开来？  34 How can we articulate the RP／□:／and It)l?And how can we telI／□i／or／□／from      the Mandarin(o)?     标准英式发音体系中的／□:／和／D／怎么发音？如何将／□:／或／D／与普通话的(o)区分开来？  35 How can we articulate the RP／u：／and lul?And how can we tell／u：／or lul from the      Mandarin(u)?     标准英式发音体系中的／u：／和／u／怎么发音？如何将／u：／或／u／与普通话的(u)区分开来？  36 How can we articulate the RP／e／and／□／?Are there similar sounds in Mandarin?     标准英式发音体系中的／e／和Iml怎么发音?普通话里有类似的音吗？  37 What are the differences between the RP／aft and 1017 Are there similar sounds      in Mandarin?     标准英式发音体系中的／□:／和／□／有什么区别?普通话里有类似的音吗？  38 what are the characteristics of diphthongs as compared to those ofpure vowels?     与单元音相比，双元音的特点是什么？  39 How different are the English／ei／，／ai／，／ao／，and／oo／from the Mandarin     ，，，andrespectively?     英语中的／ei／、／ai／、／au／、／□u／与普通话中的、、、各有什么不同？  40 How does the diphthong／□i／glide?     双元音／□i／由什么音滑到什么音？  41 How different is the[a]sound in the diphthongs ／i□／，／e□／，and／u□／?     双元音／io／、／ea／和／u□／中的[a]音质各有什么不同？  42 Why are so-called triphthongs not treated as RP phonemes represented by      the Gimson system?     吉姆森体系所代表的标准英式发音音素表中，为什么所谓的“三元音”没有列入？  43 What kind of sounds are[i]，[u]，[a]，and[￡]?Where do they occur?     How do we articulate them?       [i]、[u]、[a]、[ε]是什么音？什么情况下会出现这样的音？怎么发音？Chapter Five  Articulation of Phonemes：Consonant第五章  音素发音：辅音  44 What are the common characteristics of consonants? What information does the      Table of Consonants provide?How can we make use of it?     英语辅音有哪些共同特点？怎样看懂并利用辅音表？  45 Which consonants are plosives in English?     What are their characteristics in articulation?     英语爆破音有哪些？发音有什么特点？  46 What is the difference between the／p／in pace and the／p／in space?     What is the difference between the／k／ in discussed and the ／g／      in disgust?Is the Mandarin plosive(b)a voiced one?     pace中的／pin space中的／p／有什么不一样？discussed中的／k／和     disgust中的／g／又有什么区别？普通话的爆破音(b)是浊辅音吗？  47 How do we pronounce the English fricatives like 101，161，／I／，     and ／□／ correctly?Are there any similar sounds in Mandarin?     怎么发好英语中的／θ／、／□／、／□／、／□／等摩擦音?普通话里有相似的音吗？  48 How do we pronounce the English affricates／t□／and／d□／?     Can we find their counterparts in Mandarin?     英语破擦音／t□／和／d□／怎么发音？普通话里有对应的破擦音吗？  49 What do the English nasals／m／，／n／，and／□／have in common?     Does the syllable final／m／have its counterpart in Mandarin?     英语鼻音／m／、／n／、／□／有什么共同之处？普通话里有没有像英语里那样放在音节末尾的／m／？  50 What is the difference between the first／1／and the second／1／in the word little?     Does the second lateral have its counterpart in Mandarin?     英语单词little中前一个边音／l／和后一个边音／l／有什么区别？     后一个／l／在普通话里有对应的音吗？  51 What are approximants?How different are the English approximants such as／w／     from their Mandarin counterparts such as(w)?     什么是通音？英语的通音如／w／与普通话中对应的音如(w)有什么不同？  52 Are[tsl，[dz]，[trl，and[dr]English phonemic consonants?How do we pronounce them each?     英语中的[ts]、[dz]、[tr]、[dr]是辅音音素吗？如何发音？  53 Is the／ai／in／ratt／(write)of the same length as the／ai／in／raid／(ride)?     Does the／u：／in／fu：／(fool)have the same quality as that in／fu：d／(food)?     ／rait／(write)里的／at／与／raid／(ride)里的／ai／一样长吗?／fu：l／(fool)里的     ／u：／与／fu：d／(food)里的／u：／音质相同吗？  54 What should we avoid in the pronunciation ofconsonant clusters such      as[kL_]，[st_]，[fr_]，and[spr_]? Which form ofconsonant clusters      involves unaspiration?     辅音连缀如[kl]、[st]、[fr]与[spr]等形式的发音要注意什么？哪种形式包含不送气音？  55 What else should we pay attention to in the pronunciation of consonants as well      as consonant clusters?     辅音和辅音连缀发音还需要注意什么？Chapter Six  Word Pronunciation第六章  单词发音  56 What should we pay attention to for a good pronunciation of English words?     英语单词的正确发音需要注意哪些方面？  57 How are English syllables made up?What makes the core part of a syllable?     英语的音节是怎样构成的？音节的核心部位是由什么构成的？  58 How should we figure out the number of syllables in a polysyllabic word?     如何确定多音节单词的音节数？  59 In what context may a polysyllabic word have a secondary stress?     How should we make the secondarily stressed syllable sound different      from an unstressed one and from a primarily stressed one?       什么情况下多音节单词有次重音？怎样让次重读音节与非重读音节、主重读音节听起来不同？  60 Can you distinguish blackboard from black board by their word stresses?     你能通过单词重音区分 blackboard和black board吗？  61 On which part should the stress fall in a proper noun composed of two      or more elements?     由多个部分组成的专有名词重音如何确定？  62 How do we decide whether a monosyllabic word should be stressed or not?     单音节单词重读与否如何确定？  63 How does the pronunciation of an English word correspond to      its spelling?What is phonics?     英语单词发音与其拼写有什么联系？什么是自然拼读法？Chapter Seven General American English Pronunciation第七章  标准美式英语发音  64 How do you judge whether the phonetic transcription of a word is for RP or for GA?     如何判断单词注音是标准英式发音还是标准美式发音？  65 In what aspects is GA different from RP?Does every English word sound      different between its RP and GA pronunciations?     标准美式发音与标准英式发音有哪些方面的差异?是不是每个英语单词都存在英美发音差异？  66 Which vowels in RP have different counterparts in GA?And how different?     英音中的哪些元音在美音中有不同的发音变体？如何不同？  67 which words contain irregular RP．GA vowel differences?     哪些单词中包含不规则的英美元音发音差异？  68 In what contexts are vowels rhotic in GA?What does rhotacism mean?     美音中的元音在什么情况下卷舌？什么是r音过度使用？  69 What does a nasalized vowel in GA sound like?     美音中的鼻化元音有什么特点？  70 Which consonants sound different between their RP pronunciation      and their GA counterparts?In what contexts?     哪些辅音在什么情况下英美发音有差异？  71 Are word stress differences between RP and GAvery common?     单词重音的英美差异很普遍吗？  72 Which RP sounds have the same GAcounterparts?     英音的哪些音在美音中发音不变？  73 What should we avoid for GApronunciation of words?     学习单词的美式发音要避免什么问题？Chapter Eight Pause，Fluency,and Word-to-word Transition第八章  停顿、流畅及单词之间的语音过渡  74 What should we pay attention to for a natural flow of English speech?     要使英语语流听起来自然，需要注意哪些方面？  75 when and how to pause in a flow ofspeech?     语流中何时停顿?怎样停顿？  76 How should we utter word clusters for fluency?     单词串怎样发音才能确保流利？  77 How many types of inter-word phonetic boundaries are there in various word groups?     Which types should we pay special attention to?     词群中，单词向单词的过渡有哪些类型的语音边界?哪几种类型需要特别注意？  78 In what type of phonetic boundaries does liaison usually occur?     Is it possible at a C-C boundary?     连读通常出现在什么类型的语音边界中?辅音到辅音可以连读吗？  79 What are phonetic transitions from vowel to vowel like?     元音到元音的语音过渡有什么特点？  80 How does phonetic transition go across C．C boundaries between words?     辅音到辅音的单词边界上，语音过渡是如何进行的？  81 How many forms of assimilation may occur at C-C boundaries between words?     辅音到辅音的单词边界上有多少种同化形式？  82 How does a word-final consonant cluster ending with／t／or／d／transit to      a word-initial consonant?       以／t／或／d／结尾的辅音连缀怎样过渡到一个以辅音开头的单词？Chapter Nine Rhythm of Speech第九章  话语节奏  83 What is the rhythm of English speech like?     What are the differences between micro beats and macro beats?     英语话语节奏有什么特点？小节拍和大节拍有什么不一样？  84 How many levels of stress can a macro beat have?     What are the characteristics of the macro-beat rhythm?     大节拍里可以有多少个重音层次？大节拍节奏有什么特点？  85 How is the time shared among syllables in rhythmic utterances?     节奏性话语中各个音节的发音时问是怎样分配的？  86 How do wejudge whether a word should be stressed or not in a sentence?     如何判断英语句子中的某个单词该不该重读？  87 Why do some words have weak forms?Which words have weak forms?     为什么有的单词会有弱读形式？哪些单词有弱读形式？  88 When should a reducible word be pronounced in its strong form?     可弱读的单词什么时候需要强读？Chapter Ten English Intonation第十章  英语语调  89 What is intonation?Why is intonation important?     什么是语调？为什么说语调很重要？  90 What is all intonation unit?What is its structure like?     什么是语调单位？语调单位有什么样的结构？  91 How many types ofintonation are there in English?     英语语调有多少种调型？  92 How does the tone ofa certain type extend from the nucleus ifit is followed by a tail?     如果调核后面有调尾，从调核开始的语调如何延伸到调尾？  93 What are the characteristics ofthe prehead of an intonation unit?     语调单位的调冠有什么特点？  94 Should all the content words be stressed in the head of an intonation unit?     What pitches should the syllables in the head carry?     语调单位的调头中是不是所有的实词都要重读？调头中的音节，其音高如何确定？  95 What type of tone does each grammatical sentence generally have?     Are there any exceptions?     一般情况下不同句式分别用什么调型？有什么例外情况吗？  96 When can a statement have other tones?     陈述句在什么情况下还可以用其他调型？  97 Can a yes-no question have a falling tone?     一般疑问句可以用降调吗？  98 In what context can a wh-question have a rise or a fall-rise?     特殊疑问句什么情况下可以用升调或降升调？  99 What types of tones go with short response questions?     交谈中简短的应答式问句用什么调型？  100 What tones do sentence．initial adverbial have?     句首状语用什么语调？