- 电子工业出版社
- 9787121238567
- 1-1
- 350242
- 16开
- 2014年8月
- 328
- 计算机科学与技术(工学/理学)
- 研究生、本科
内容简介
本书是江苏省精品教材立项建设项目、“十二五”江苏省高等学校重点教材建设项目成果，以基于数据库的应用能力培养为主要目标，面向应用型教学需求，重点突出基础性和应用性。按照“理论、实践、再理论、再实践”的思想关联知识，以一个贯穿全书的商品订购管理数据库示例为主线，将数据库基本原理、技术和应用三者有机结合。全书共9章，内容包括数据库概览、关系数据模型、关系数据库语言SQL、数据库设计、关系规范化理论、应用系统中的SQL 及相关技术、数据库应用开发、数据库保护和数据库新进展。附录A 和B分别是实验指导和课程设计指导。附录C是T-SQL 常用语句。本书免费提供配套电子课件、习题参考解答、示例源程序和视频资源。
目录
目 录
第1 章 数据库概览—实例、概念与认识............................................................................................ 1
1.1 数据管理技术的进展.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 人工管理阶段.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 文件系统阶段.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 数据库系统阶段................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 理解数据库系统............................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.1 实例——商品订购管理系统........................................................................................... 4
1.2.2 什么是数据库系统............................................................................................................ 5
1.3 数据库系统结构............................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.1 数据库系统的三级模式结构........................................................................................... 6
1.3.2 数据库系统的二级映像.................................................................................................... 7
1.3.3 数据库管理系统................................................................................................................ 7
1.3.4 数据库系统所需人员........................................................................................................ 8
1.4 数据模型......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.4.1 数据模型的概念................................................................................................................ 9
1.4.2 概念数据模型..................................................................................................................10
1.4.3 逻辑数据模型..................................................................................................................12
1.5 数据库系统的发展......................................................................................................................13
1.5.1 数据库系统发展的阶段..................................................................................................13
1.5.2 数据库系统主要研究领域..............................................................................................14
本章小结................................................................................................................................................15
习题1 .....................................................................................................................................................15
第2 章 关系数据模型—关系数据库基础..........................................................................................16
2.1 关系数据结构..............................................................................................................................16
2.1.1 二维表与关系数据结构..................................................................................................16
2.1.2 关系数据结构的形式化定义.........................................................................................18
2.1.3 关系的性质.......................................................................................................................19
2.1.4 关系模式...........................................................................................................................20
2.1.5 关系数据库.......................................................................................................................20
2.1.6 码.......................................................................................................................................21
2.2 关系操作.......................................................................................................................................22
2.2.1 基本关系操作..................................................................................................................23
2.2.2 关系数据语言分类..........................................................................................................23
2.2.3 关系代数...........................................................................................................................23
2.3 关系完整性..................................................................................................................................28
·VI·
2.3.1 实体完整性.......................................................................................................................29
2.3.2 参照完整性.......................................................................................................................29
2.3.3 用户定义完整性..............................................................................................................29
本章小结................................................................................................................................................30
习题2.............................................................................................................................................30
第3 章 关系数据库语言SQL—数据库应用基础............................................................................31
3.1 SQL 概述......................................................................................................................................31
3.1.1 SQL 的特点......................................................................................................................32
3.1.2 SQL 基本概念..................................................................................................................32
3.1.3 SQL 语言的组成..............................................................................................................33
3.1.4 SQL 语句分类..................................................................................................................34
3.2 SQL 语言的数据类型.................................................................................................................34
3.3 数据定义.......................................................................................................................................36
3.3.1 模式定义...........................................................................................................................36
3.3.2 基本表定义.......................................................................................................................37
3.3.3 索引定义...........................................................................................................................40
3.3.4 视图定义...........................................................................................................................42
3.4 数据查询.......................................................................................................................................43
3.4.1 SELECT 语句结构..........................................................................................................43
3.4.2 单表查询...........................................................................................................................44
3.4.3 连接查询...........................................................................................................................52
3.4.4 嵌套查询...........................................................................................................................56
3.4.5 集合查询...........................................................................................................................61
3.4.6 视图查询...........................................................................................................................62
3.5 数据更新.......................................................................................................................................64
3.5.1 数据插入...........................................................................................................................64
3.5.2 数据修改...........................................................................................................................65
3.5.3 数据删除...........................................................................................................................65
3.5.4 视图更新...........................................................................................................................66
3.5.5 更新操作与数据完整性..................................................................................................67
本章小结................................................................................................................................................67
习题3......................................................................................................................................................68
第4 章 数据库设计—数据库应用系统开发总论············································································69
4.1 数据库设计概述..........................................................................................................................69
4.1.1 数据库设计的含义..........................................................................................................69
4.1.2 数据库设计的特点..........................................................................................................70
4.1.3 数据库设计的六阶段......................................................................................................71
4.2 需求分析.......................................................................................................................................72
4.2.1 需求分析的步骤..............................................................................................................72
·VII·
4.2.2 需求分析常用的调查方法................................................................................................73
4.2.3 需求分析的描述................................................................................................................73
4.3 概念设计.......................................................................................................................................78
4.3.1 概念设计的方法..............................................................................................................78
4.3.2 ER 方法.............................................................................................................................79
4.3.3 基本E-R 模型的扩充.....................................................................................................82
4.3.4 扩展E-R 模型..................................................................................................................85
4.4 逻辑设计.......................................................................................................................................87
4.4.1 E-R 模型转换为关系模型.................................................................................................87
4.4.2 数据模式的优化..............................................................................................................90
4.4.3 设计用户外模式..............................................................................................................90
4.5 物理设计.......................................................................................................................................91
4.5.1 确定数据库的物理结构..................................................................................................91
4.5.2 性能评价...........................................................................................................................92
4.6 数据库实施..................................................................................................................................92
4.6.1 数据库结构定义及数据载入.........................................................................................93
4.6.2 应用程序编写与调试......................................................................................................93
4.6.3 数据库试运行..................................................................................................................94
4.7 数据库运行与维护......................................................................................................................94
4.7.1 数据库的转储和恢复......................................................................................................94
4.7.2 数据库安全性、完整性控制.........................................................................................94
4.7.3 数据库性能监督、分析和改进.....................................................................................95
4.7.4 数据库的重定义、重构和重组织.................................................................................95
本章小结................................................................................................................................................95
习题4.....................................................................................................................................................95
第5 章 关系规范化理论——关系数据库设计理论基础····································································97
5.1 数据冗余与操作异常问题.........................................................................................................97
5.1.1 数据冗余与操作异常......................................................................................................97
5.1.2 问题原因分析..................................................................................................................98
5.2 函数依赖.......................................................................................................................................98
5.2.1 函数依赖的基本概念......................................................................................................99
5.2.2 函数依赖的分类..............................................................................................................99
5.2.3 函数依赖与数据冗余....................................................................................................100
5.3 范式.............................................................................................................................................100
5.3.1 关系模式和码................................................................................................................100
5.3.2 基于函数依赖的范式....................................................................................................101
5.3.3 多值依赖与4NF............................................................................................................104
5.4 数据依赖公理系统....................................................................................................................106
5.4.1 逻辑蕴含.........................................................................................................................106
·VIII·
5.4.2 Armstrong 公理系统......................................................................................................106
5.4.3 函数依赖集的闭包........................................................................................................107
5.4.4 最小依赖集.....................................................................................................................108
5.5 模式分解.....................................................................................................................................109
5.5.1 无损分解.........................................................................................................................110
5.5.2 函数依赖保持................................................................................................................112
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................114
习题5...................................................................................................................................................114
第6 章 应用系统中的SQL 及相关技术——应用开发关键技术····················································116
6.1 在应用中使用SQL ...................................................................................................................116
6.2 T-SQL 程序设计........................................................................................................................117
6.2.1 T-SQL 程序设计基础....................................................................................................117
6.2.2 流程控制语句................................................................................................................120
6.2.3 批处理和脚本................................................................................................................125
6.2.4 函数.................................................................................................................................126
6.2.5 游标.................................................................................................................................133
6.3 存储过程和触发器....................................................................................................................139
6.3.1 存储过程.........................................................................................................................139
6.3.2 触发器.............................................................................................................................145
6.4 数据库访问接口........................................................................................................................148
6.4.1 开放数据库互连ODBC ...............................................................................................149
6.4.2 OLE DB 和ADO...........................................................................................................154
6.4.3 .......................................................................................................................158
6.4.4 JDBC...............................................................................................................................160
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................164
习题6.............................................................................................................................................165
第7 章 数据库应用开发—过程、平台与实例··············································································166
7.1 数据库应用系统的开发过程...................................................................................................166
7.2 数据库应用系统的体系结构...................................................................................................168
7.2.1 单用户模式.....................................................................................................................168
7.2.2 主从式多用户模式........................................................................................................168
7.2.3 C/S 模式..........................................................................................................................168
7.2.4 B/S 模式..........................................................................................................................169
7.3 常用的数据库系统....................................................................................................................170
7.3.1 SQL Server......................................................................................................................170
7.3.2 Oracle ..............................................................................................................................172
7.3.3 Sybase..............................................................................................................................173
7.3.4 DB2 .................................................................................................................................173
7.3.5 MySQL............................................................................................................................174
·IX·
7.3.6 VFP..................................................................................................................................174
7.3.7 Access..............................................................................................................................174
7.3.8 SQLite .............................................................................................................................175
7.3.9 数据库系统的选择........................................................................................................175
7.4 常用数据库应用开发工具简介...............................................................................................175
7.4.1 Visual Studio ...................................................................................................................176
7.4.2 Eclipse .............................................................................................................................176
7.5 C#数据库应用开发...................................................................................................................177
7.5.1 C#程序设计概述...........................................................................................................177
7.5.2 数据库应用技术.........................................................................................183
7.5.3 C#数据库应用系统开发案例—商品订购管理系统.............................................191
7.6 Java 数据库应用开发................................................................................................................203
7.6.1 JDBC 数据库访问流程.................................................................................................203
7.6.2 结果集（ResultSet）.....................................................................................................208
7.6.3 JDBC 数据库编程.........................................................................................................210
7.6.4 Java 数据库应用系统开发案例—商品订购管理系统.........................................223
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................232
习题7...................................................................................................................................................232
第8 章 数据库保护—数据库管理基础··························································································234
8.1 数据库保护概述........................................................................................................................234
8.2 数据库安全................................................................................................................................235
8.2.1 数据库安全保护范围....................................................................................................235
8.2.2 数据库安全性目标........................................................................................................235
8.2.3 数据库安全控制............................................................................................................236
8.2.4 SQL Server 的安全机制................................................................................................238
8.3 数据库完整性............................................................................................................................243
8.3.1 完整性概念.....................................................................................................................243
8.3.2 DBMS 的完整性控制...................................................................................................245
8.3.3 SQL Server 的完整性机制............................................................................................246
8.4 并发控制.....................................................................................................................................250
8.4.1 事务.................................................................................................................................250
8.4.2 事务的并发执行............................................................................................................252
8.4.3 并发调度的可串行化....................................................................................................253
8.4.4 封锁.................................................................................................................................253
8.4.5 活锁与死锁.....................................................................................................................255
8.4.6 SQL Server 的事务处理和锁机制...............................................................................256
8.5 数据库恢复................................................................................................................................260
8.5.1 故障种类.........................................................................................................................260
8.5.2 数据库恢复技术............................................................................................................260
·X·
8.5.3 SQL Server 的恢复技术................................................................................................263
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................265
习题8...................................................................................................................................................265
第9 章 数据库新进展—领域知识拓展··························································································266
9.1 数据库技术的研究与发展.......................................................................................................266
9.1.1 数据库技术的发展........................................................................................................266
9.1.2 数据库发展的特点........................................................................................................267
9.1.3 数据库技术的研究方向................................................................................................268
9.2 数据仓库与数据挖掘................................................................................................................271
9.2.1 数据仓库.........................................................................................................................271
9.2.2 数据挖掘.........................................................................................................................272
9.2.3 数据仓库与数据挖掘....................................................................................................274
9.3 XML 数据管理..........................................................................................................................275
9.3.1 XML 概述.......................................................................................................................275
9.3.2 XML 数据模型..............................................................................................................275
9.3.3 XML 数据查询..............................................................................................................278
9.3.4 SQL Server 中XML 数据处理....................................................................................278
9.4 非关系型数据库（NoSQL）...................................................................................................280
9.4.1 NoSQL 概念...................................................................................................................280
9.4.2 NoSQL 架构...................................................................................................................281
9.4.3 CAP 理论........................................................................................................................281
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................282
习题9...................................................................................................................................................282
附录A 实验指导···································································································································283
附录B 课程设计指导···························································································································310
附录C T-SQL 常用语句······················································································································314
参考文献···················································································································································316
第1 章 数据库概览—实例、概念与认识............................................................................................ 1
1.1 数据管理技术的进展.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 人工管理阶段.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2 文件系统阶段.................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.3 数据库系统阶段................................................................................................................ 2
1.2 理解数据库系统............................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.1 实例——商品订购管理系统........................................................................................... 4
1.2.2 什么是数据库系统............................................................................................................ 5
1.3 数据库系统结构............................................................................................................................ 6
1.3.1 数据库系统的三级模式结构........................................................................................... 6
1.3.2 数据库系统的二级映像.................................................................................................... 7
1.3.3 数据库管理系统................................................................................................................ 7
1.3.4 数据库系统所需人员........................................................................................................ 8
1.4 数据模型......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.4.1 数据模型的概念................................................................................................................ 9
1.4.2 概念数据模型..................................................................................................................10
1.4.3 逻辑数据模型..................................................................................................................12
1.5 数据库系统的发展......................................................................................................................13
1.5.1 数据库系统发展的阶段..................................................................................................13
1.5.2 数据库系统主要研究领域..............................................................................................14
本章小结................................................................................................................................................15
习题1 .....................................................................................................................................................15
第2 章 关系数据模型—关系数据库基础..........................................................................................16
2.1 关系数据结构..............................................................................................................................16
2.1.1 二维表与关系数据结构..................................................................................................16
2.1.2 关系数据结构的形式化定义.........................................................................................18
2.1.3 关系的性质.......................................................................................................................19
2.1.4 关系模式...........................................................................................................................20
2.1.5 关系数据库.......................................................................................................................20
2.1.6 码.......................................................................................................................................21
2.2 关系操作.......................................................................................................................................22
2.2.1 基本关系操作..................................................................................................................23
2.2.2 关系数据语言分类..........................................................................................................23
2.2.3 关系代数...........................................................................................................................23
2.3 关系完整性..................................................................................................................................28
·VI·
2.3.1 实体完整性.......................................................................................................................29
2.3.2 参照完整性.......................................................................................................................29
2.3.3 用户定义完整性..............................................................................................................29
本章小结................................................................................................................................................30
习题2.............................................................................................................................................30
第3 章 关系数据库语言SQL—数据库应用基础............................................................................31
3.1 SQL 概述......................................................................................................................................31
3.1.1 SQL 的特点......................................................................................................................32
3.1.2 SQL 基本概念..................................................................................................................32
3.1.3 SQL 语言的组成..............................................................................................................33
3.1.4 SQL 语句分类..................................................................................................................34
3.2 SQL 语言的数据类型.................................................................................................................34
3.3 数据定义.......................................................................................................................................36
3.3.1 模式定义...........................................................................................................................36
3.3.2 基本表定义.......................................................................................................................37
3.3.3 索引定义...........................................................................................................................40
3.3.4 视图定义...........................................................................................................................42
3.4 数据查询.......................................................................................................................................43
3.4.1 SELECT 语句结构..........................................................................................................43
3.4.2 单表查询...........................................................................................................................44
3.4.3 连接查询...........................................................................................................................52
3.4.4 嵌套查询...........................................................................................................................56
3.4.5 集合查询...........................................................................................................................61
3.4.6 视图查询...........................................................................................................................62
3.5 数据更新.......................................................................................................................................64
3.5.1 数据插入...........................................................................................................................64
3.5.2 数据修改...........................................................................................................................65
3.5.3 数据删除...........................................................................................................................65
3.5.4 视图更新...........................................................................................................................66
3.5.5 更新操作与数据完整性..................................................................................................67
本章小结................................................................................................................................................67
习题3......................................................................................................................................................68
第4 章 数据库设计—数据库应用系统开发总论············································································69
4.1 数据库设计概述..........................................................................................................................69
4.1.1 数据库设计的含义..........................................................................................................69
4.1.2 数据库设计的特点..........................................................................................................70
4.1.3 数据库设计的六阶段......................................................................................................71
4.2 需求分析.......................................................................................................................................72
4.2.1 需求分析的步骤..............................................................................................................72
·VII·
4.2.2 需求分析常用的调查方法................................................................................................73
4.2.3 需求分析的描述................................................................................................................73
4.3 概念设计.......................................................................................................................................78
4.3.1 概念设计的方法..............................................................................................................78
4.3.2 ER 方法.............................................................................................................................79
4.3.3 基本E-R 模型的扩充.....................................................................................................82
4.3.4 扩展E-R 模型..................................................................................................................85
4.4 逻辑设计.......................................................................................................................................87
4.4.1 E-R 模型转换为关系模型.................................................................................................87
4.4.2 数据模式的优化..............................................................................................................90
4.4.3 设计用户外模式..............................................................................................................90
4.5 物理设计.......................................................................................................................................91
4.5.1 确定数据库的物理结构..................................................................................................91
4.5.2 性能评价...........................................................................................................................92
4.6 数据库实施..................................................................................................................................92
4.6.1 数据库结构定义及数据载入.........................................................................................93
4.6.2 应用程序编写与调试......................................................................................................93
4.6.3 数据库试运行..................................................................................................................94
4.7 数据库运行与维护......................................................................................................................94
4.7.1 数据库的转储和恢复......................................................................................................94
4.7.2 数据库安全性、完整性控制.........................................................................................94
4.7.3 数据库性能监督、分析和改进.....................................................................................95
4.7.4 数据库的重定义、重构和重组织.................................................................................95
本章小结................................................................................................................................................95
习题4.....................................................................................................................................................95
第5 章 关系规范化理论——关系数据库设计理论基础····································································97
5.1 数据冗余与操作异常问题.........................................................................................................97
5.1.1 数据冗余与操作异常......................................................................................................97
5.1.2 问题原因分析..................................................................................................................98
5.2 函数依赖.......................................................................................................................................98
5.2.1 函数依赖的基本概念......................................................................................................99
5.2.2 函数依赖的分类..............................................................................................................99
5.2.3 函数依赖与数据冗余....................................................................................................100
5.3 范式.............................................................................................................................................100
5.3.1 关系模式和码................................................................................................................100
5.3.2 基于函数依赖的范式....................................................................................................101
5.3.3 多值依赖与4NF............................................................................................................104
5.4 数据依赖公理系统....................................................................................................................106
5.4.1 逻辑蕴含.........................................................................................................................106
·VIII·
5.4.2 Armstrong 公理系统......................................................................................................106
5.4.3 函数依赖集的闭包........................................................................................................107
5.4.4 最小依赖集.....................................................................................................................108
5.5 模式分解.....................................................................................................................................109
5.5.1 无损分解.........................................................................................................................110
5.5.2 函数依赖保持................................................................................................................112
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................114
习题5...................................................................................................................................................114
第6 章 应用系统中的SQL 及相关技术——应用开发关键技术····················································116
6.1 在应用中使用SQL ...................................................................................................................116
6.2 T-SQL 程序设计........................................................................................................................117
6.2.1 T-SQL 程序设计基础....................................................................................................117
6.2.2 流程控制语句................................................................................................................120
6.2.3 批处理和脚本................................................................................................................125
6.2.4 函数.................................................................................................................................126
6.2.5 游标.................................................................................................................................133
6.3 存储过程和触发器....................................................................................................................139
6.3.1 存储过程.........................................................................................................................139
6.3.2 触发器.............................................................................................................................145
6.4 数据库访问接口........................................................................................................................148
6.4.1 开放数据库互连ODBC ...............................................................................................149
6.4.2 OLE DB 和ADO...........................................................................................................154
6.4.3 .......................................................................................................................158
6.4.4 JDBC...............................................................................................................................160
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................164
习题6.............................................................................................................................................165
第7 章 数据库应用开发—过程、平台与实例··············································································166
7.1 数据库应用系统的开发过程...................................................................................................166
7.2 数据库应用系统的体系结构...................................................................................................168
7.2.1 单用户模式.....................................................................................................................168
7.2.2 主从式多用户模式........................................................................................................168
7.2.3 C/S 模式..........................................................................................................................168
7.2.4 B/S 模式..........................................................................................................................169
7.3 常用的数据库系统....................................................................................................................170
7.3.1 SQL Server......................................................................................................................170
7.3.2 Oracle ..............................................................................................................................172
7.3.3 Sybase..............................................................................................................................173
7.3.4 DB2 .................................................................................................................................173
7.3.5 MySQL............................................................................................................................174
·IX·
7.3.6 VFP..................................................................................................................................174
7.3.7 Access..............................................................................................................................174
7.3.8 SQLite .............................................................................................................................175
7.3.9 数据库系统的选择........................................................................................................175
7.4 常用数据库应用开发工具简介...............................................................................................175
7.4.1 Visual Studio ...................................................................................................................176
7.4.2 Eclipse .............................................................................................................................176
7.5 C#数据库应用开发...................................................................................................................177
7.5.1 C#程序设计概述...........................................................................................................177
7.5.2 数据库应用技术.........................................................................................183
7.5.3 C#数据库应用系统开发案例—商品订购管理系统.............................................191
7.6 Java 数据库应用开发................................................................................................................203
7.6.1 JDBC 数据库访问流程.................................................................................................203
7.6.2 结果集（ResultSet）.....................................................................................................208
7.6.3 JDBC 数据库编程.........................................................................................................210
7.6.4 Java 数据库应用系统开发案例—商品订购管理系统.........................................223
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................232
习题7...................................................................................................................................................232
第8 章 数据库保护—数据库管理基础··························································································234
8.1 数据库保护概述........................................................................................................................234
8.2 数据库安全................................................................................................................................235
8.2.1 数据库安全保护范围....................................................................................................235
8.2.2 数据库安全性目标........................................................................................................235
8.2.3 数据库安全控制............................................................................................................236
8.2.4 SQL Server 的安全机制................................................................................................238
8.3 数据库完整性............................................................................................................................243
8.3.1 完整性概念.....................................................................................................................243
8.3.2 DBMS 的完整性控制...................................................................................................245
8.3.3 SQL Server 的完整性机制............................................................................................246
8.4 并发控制.....................................................................................................................................250
8.4.1 事务.................................................................................................................................250
8.4.2 事务的并发执行............................................................................................................252
8.4.3 并发调度的可串行化....................................................................................................253
8.4.4 封锁.................................................................................................................................253
8.4.5 活锁与死锁.....................................................................................................................255
8.4.6 SQL Server 的事务处理和锁机制...............................................................................256
8.5 数据库恢复................................................................................................................................260
8.5.1 故障种类.........................................................................................................................260
8.5.2 数据库恢复技术............................................................................................................260
·X·
8.5.3 SQL Server 的恢复技术................................................................................................263
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................265
习题8...................................................................................................................................................265
第9 章 数据库新进展—领域知识拓展··························································································266
9.1 数据库技术的研究与发展.......................................................................................................266
9.1.1 数据库技术的发展........................................................................................................266
9.1.2 数据库发展的特点........................................................................................................267
9.1.3 数据库技术的研究方向................................................................................................268
9.2 数据仓库与数据挖掘................................................................................................................271
9.2.1 数据仓库.........................................................................................................................271
9.2.2 数据挖掘.........................................................................................................................272
9.2.3 数据仓库与数据挖掘....................................................................................................274
9.3 XML 数据管理..........................................................................................................................275
9.3.1 XML 概述.......................................................................................................................275
9.3.2 XML 数据模型..............................................................................................................275
9.3.3 XML 数据查询..............................................................................................................278
9.3.4 SQL Server 中XML 数据处理....................................................................................278
9.4 非关系型数据库（NoSQL）...................................................................................................280
9.4.1 NoSQL 概念...................................................................................................................280
9.4.2 NoSQL 架构...................................................................................................................281
9.4.3 CAP 理论........................................................................................................................281
本章小结..............................................................................................................................................282
习题9...................................................................................................................................................282
附录A 实验指导···································································································································283
附录B 课程设计指导···························································································································310
附录C T-SQL 常用语句······················································································································314
参考文献···················································································································································316
