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 CHAPTER I
  1. Fundamental Relations
  2. The Nature of Stimuli
  3. The Kinds of Stimuli
  4. The Nature of Response
  5. Adjustment and Adaptation
  6. Kinds of Adjustment
  7. Normal and Abnormal Adjustment
 CHAPTER II THE WATER OF THE HABITAT
  8. Relation of the Plant to Water
  9. The Nature of Water Stimuli
  10. Water Content
  11. Influence of other Factors upon Water Content
  12. Available and Non-available Water Content
  13. Soil Samples
  14. Computation of Water Content
  15. Time of Water Content Readings
  16. Location of Readings
  17. Depth of Samples
   Experiment 1. Measurement of Water Content
  18. The Determination of Available Water
  19. Chresard of Habitats
   Experiment 2. Determination of Available Water
  20. Influence of Soil upon Water Content
  21. Origin and Structure
  22. Water Capacity
  23. Chemical Nature of Soils
  24. Air Content
  25. Determination of Soil Properties
   Experiment 3. Porosity and Rate of Evaporation
  26. Influence of Precipitation upon Water Content
  27. Measurement of Rainfall
  28. Physiography
  29. The Influence of Slope
  30. The Influence of Surface
  31. The Influence of Climatic Factors
  32. Humidity
  33. Modifying Influence of Temperature and Wind
  34. Influence of Pressure and Physiographic Factors
  35. Effect of Climate and Habitat
  36. Measurement of Humidity
  37. Sling and Cog Psychrometers
  38. Making a Reading
  39. Use of Humidity Tables
   Experiment 4. Measuring Humidity
  40. Method of Habitat Study
  41. Choice of Stations
  42. Constant Factors
  43. Simultaneous Readings
  44. Point and Hour Readings
  45. Records
  46. Kinds of Curves
  47. Combinations of Curves
  48. Plotting Curves
  49. Intervals for the Different Factors
   Experiment 5. Determining the Physical Factors of Habitats
 CHAPTER III ADJUSTMENT TO WATER
  50. Responses to Water Stimuli
  51. General Relations
  52. The Form of Roots
  53. Primary Regions of the Root
  54. Detailed Structure
  55. Origin and Structure of Root-hairs
  56. Effect of Water Content upon Root-hairs and Roots
   Experiment 6. Structure of the Root and Formation of Root-hairs
   Experiment 7. Hydrotropism
  57. Imbibition
   Experiment 8. Water of Imbibition
  58. Osmosis
  59. Osmosis in Root-hairs
  60. Influence of Soluble Salts
   Experiment 9. Demonstration of Osmosis
   Experiment 10. The Effect of Soluble Salts
  61. Effect of Protoplasm upon the Absorption of Soluble Salts
  62. Diffusion
   Experiment 11. Diffusion in Liquids and in Tissues
  63. Turgidity
   Experiment 12. Demonstration of Turgidity
  64. General Nature
  65. Types of Stem Structure
  66. Stem Structure of an Herbaceous Dicotyledon
  67. Stems of Monocotyledons
  68. Structure of Woody Stems
  69. Functions of the Stem
   Experiment 13. Structure of Stems
  70. The Upward Movement of the Water
  71. Causes of the Movement
   Experiment 14. Pathway and Rate of Movement
  72. The Structure of a Representative Leaf
  73. The Chlorenchym
  74. The Reduced Bundles
   Experiment 15. Structure of a Leaf
  75. Diffusion in the Leaf
  76. Transpiring Surface
   Experiment 16. Measurement of the Actual Transpiring Surface.
  77. Structure and Position of Stomata
  78. The Functions of Stomata
  79. Movements of Guard-cells
   Experiment 17. Movement of Guard-cells
   Experiment 18. Position of Stomata and Water Loss
  80. The Influence of Physical Factors upon Transpiration
  81. The Measurement of Transpiration
  82. Measuring Transpiration in the Field
   Experiment 19. Influence of Factors upon the Rate of Transpiration
  83. The Amount of Transpiration in Plants
  84. Relation between Transpiration and Absorption
  85. Compensation for Increased Transpiration
  86. Details of the Adjustment
   Experiment 20. Pathway of Adjustment
 CHAPTER IV ADJUSTMENT TO LIGHT
  87. Relation of the Plant to Light
  88. The Nature of Light Stimuli
  89. Measurement of Light
  90. Making a Standard
  91. Making Readings
  92. Comparison with the Standard
  93. Causes of Variation in Light Intensity
  94. The Effect of Time
  95. The Effect of Altitude
   Experiment 21. Measuring Light Intensity
  96. Reception and Absorption of Light
  97. The Amount Absorbed
   Experiment 22. Epidermis and Leaf Prints
  98. The Production of Chlorophyll
  99. The Nature of Chlorophyll
  100. The Influence of Darkness
   Experiment 23. Influence of Light and Darkness
  101. Photosynthesis
  102. Absorption and Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide
  103. Chemical Changes during Photosynthesis
   Experiment 24. Dependence of Photosynthesis upon Aeration and Light
  104. Measurement of Photosynthesis
   Experiment 25. Relation of Photosynthesis to Sun and Shade
  105. Translocation
   Experiment 26. Translocation
  106. Storage of Food Material
   Experiment 27. Storage Tissues
  107. Influence of Light upon the Number and Position of Chloroplasts
   Experiment 28. Arrangement of Chloroplasts
  108. Movement of Stems and Leaves
  109. Phototropism
   Experiment 29. Phototropic Movements
  110. Nyctotropism
   Experiment 30. Nyctotropic Movements
 CHAPTER V ADJUSTMENT TO TEMPERATURE
  111. Relations of Plante to Temperature
  112. The Measurement of Temperature
  113. Soil Temperatures
  114. Plant Temperatures
   Experiment 31. Temperatures of Plant and Habitat
  115. Variations of Temperature
  116. The Influence of Other Factors
  117. Favorable and Unfavorable Temperatures
  118. Freezing
   Experiment 32. Effects of Freezing
  119. The Sum of Temperatures
  120. Influence upon Vegetation
  121. Digestion
  122. Chemosynthesis of Digested Materials
  123. Respiration
  124. Fermentation
  125. Germination
   Experiment 33. Digestion and Respiration in Seeds
  126. Nutrition of Hysterophytes
  127. Kinds of Parasites
   Experiment 34. Nutrition of Representative Hysterophytes
  128. Growth
  129. Growth of Tissues and Organs
   Experiment 35. Regions of Growth
  130. Conditions that Influence Growth
  131. The Amount and Rate of Growth
  132. Regions of Greatest Growth in Various Organs
   Experiment 36. Influence of Temperature, Water and Light upon Regions of Growth
  133. Rhythm of Growth
  134. The Age of a Plant
  135. Reproduction
  136. Propagation
  137. Propagules of Flowering Plants
  138. Stems as Propagules
   Experiment 37. Propagules
  139. Sexual Reproduction
  140. Production of Pollen
   Experiment 38. Amount of Pollen
  141. Protection of Pollen
  142. Structural Protection
  143. Protection by Movement
  144. Seasonal Protection
   Experiment 39. Protection of Pollen
  145. Disposition of the Stamens and Pistils
   Experiment 40. Grouping of Stamens and Pistils
  146. Source and Destination of Pollen
  147. Cross-pollination
  148. Pollination by Insects
  149. Self-pollination
   Experiment 41. Pollination
  150. The Period of Flowering
  151. Time of Daily Flowering
   Experiment 42. Time of Flowering
  152. Fructification
  153. Fleshy Fruits
  154. Dry Fruits
  155. Movements of Fruits
   Experiment 43. Kinds of Fruits
 CHAPTER VI ADJUSTMENT TO GRAVITY, CONTACT AND SHOCK
  156. The Relation of the Plant to Gravity
  157. Geotropism
  158. Cause and Reaction
  159. Region of Curvature
  160. Ecological Significance of Geotropism
   Experiment 44. Geotropism
  161. Response to Contact
   Experiment 45. The Behavior of Tendrils
  162. Response to Shock
   Experiment 46. Response to Shock
 CHAPTER VII ADAPTATION TO WATER
  163. The Relation of Structures to Water
  164. Adaptation to a Small Water Supply
  165. Decrease of Water Loss through Leaf Position
  166. Decrease through the Rolling of the Leaf
  167. Reduction of Leaf or Stem
  168. Changes of the Epidermal Cells
  169. Modifications of the Stomata
  170. Changes in the Chlorenchym
  171. Increase and Storage of Water Supply
  172. Adaptation to Excessive Water Supply
   Experiment 47. Experimental Adaptation to Water
  173. Types of Plant Body
  174. Types Produced by Adaptation to Water
  175. General Features of Xerophytes
  176. Types of Leaf Xerophytes
  177. Normal Leaf Xerophytes
  178. Storage Leaves
  179. Lanate Leaves
   Experiment 48. Study of Normal Leaf Xerophytes
  180. Other Leaf Xerophytes
   Experiment 49. Study of Xerophytic Leaves
  181. Stem Xerophytes
  182. Types of Stem Xerophytes
   Experiment 50. Form and Structure of Stem Xerophytes
  183. Mesophytes
   Experiment 51. Comparison of Mesophyte and Xerophyte
  184. Hydrophytes
  185. Amphibious Plants
   Experiment 52. Structure of Amphibious Plants
  186. Floating Plants
   Experiment 53. Structure of Floating Plants
  187. Submerged Plants
   Experiment 54. Structure of Submerged Plants
  188. Bog Plants
   Experiment 55. Study of Water-Content Types
 CHAPTER VIII ADAPTATION TO LIGHT
  189. The Relation of Organs to Light
  190. Influence of the Chloroplasts
  191. Modifications of the Chlorenchym
  192. Sponge Tissue
  193. Palisade Tissue
  194. Changes of the Epidermis
  195. The Form of Leaves
  196. Changes of Outline, Size and Thickness
  197. The Form of Stems
   Experiment 56. The Production of Adaptations to Light
  198. Types of Leaves as Determined by Light
  199. Sun Plants and Shade Plants
   Experiment 57. Sun and Shade Forms in Nature
 CHAPTER IX THE ORIGIN OF NEW FORMS
  200. The Law of Evolution
  201. Stability and Plasticity
  202. Constant and Inconstant Forms
  203. Origin by Descent before Darwin
  204. Darwin and the Origin of Species
  205. Evolution after Darwin
  206. Fundamental Methods of Evolution
  207. Origin by Adaptation
  208. Origin by Variation
  209. Origin by Mutation
  210. Origin by Hybridation
   Experiment 58. The Occurrence of New Forms in Nature
  211. Natural Selection
  212. Isolation
  213. Polygenesis
  214. Experimental Evolution
 CHAPTER X METHODS OF STUDYING VEGETATION
  215. The Study of Vegetation
  216. The Quadrat
  217. Kinds of Quadrats
  218. Marking out Quadrats
  219. The List Quadrat
  220. Abundance
  221. The Chart Quadrat
  222. Making Quadrat Charts
  223. The Permanent Quadrat
  224. The Denuded Quadrat
  225. Transects
  226. The Line Transect
  227. The Belt Transect
  228. The Migration Circle
  229. Formation Maps
 CHAPTER XI THE PLANT FORMATION
  230. The Nature of Formations
  231. Recognition of Formations
  232. Relation between Habitat and Formation
  233. The Historical Factor
  234. Development and Structure
  235. Structure of the Formation
  236. Facies
  237. Principal and Secondary Species
  238. Aspects
   Experiment 59. Study of Abundance and of Aspects
  239. The Parts of a Formation: the Consocies
  240. The Society
  241. The Community
  242. The Family
   Experiment 60. The Structure of a Formation
  243. Layers
   Experiment 61. Layered Formations
  244. Classification
  245. Classification by Habitats
  246. Types of Formations
  247. Developmental or Physiographic Classification
  248. Regional Classification
  249. Open and Closed Formations
  250. Mixed Formations
   Experiment 62. Comparison of Formations
 CHAPTER XII AGGREGATION AND MIGRATION
  251. Aggregation
  252. Simple Aggregation
  253. Mixed Aggregation
  Experiment 63. Study of Families and Communities
  254. Migration
  255. Mobility
  256. Organs of Dissemination
  257. Modifications for Migration
  258. Influence of Seed Production
  259. Position of Disseminules
  260. The Agents of Migration
  261. The Work of Migration Agents
   Experiment 64. Modifications for Migration
  262. The Direction of Migration
   Experiment 65. Amount and Direction of Migration
 CHAPTER XIII COMPETITION AND ECESIS
  263. Competition
  264. The Struggle for Existence
  265. The Nature of Competition
  266. The Factors Involved
  267. Competition for Water and Light
  268. Competition between Parents and Offspring
  269. Competition between Different Species
  270. Influence of Vegetation Form and Habitat Form
  271. The Effect of Position
  272. Vegetation Pressure
  273. The Results of Competition
  274. The Study of Competition
  275. Competition Cultures
  276. Competition Quadrats
   Experiment 66. Competition
  277. Ecesis
  278. The Factors in Ecesis
  279. Germination of the Seed
  280. The Effect of Habitat
  281. Adjustment to the Habitat
   Experiment 67. Influence of Habitat Form upon Ecesis
  282. Barriers
  283. Physical and Biological Barriers
  284. Influence of Barriers
  285. Distance
  286. Endemism
   Experiment 68. Barriers and Endemism
 CHAPTER XIV INVASION AND SUCCESSION
  287. Invasion
  288. The Manner of Invasion
  289. Invasion at Different Levels
  290. Kinds of Invasion
  291. Indigenous and Derived Species
   Experiment 69. Invasion
  292. Succession
  293. Kinds of Succession
  294. Primary Successions
  295. Succession in Colluvial Soils
  296. Succession in Alluvial Soils
  297. Succession in {\AEolian Soils
  298. Secondary Successions
  299. Succession in Eroded Soils
  300. Succession in Flooded Soils
  301. Succession Due to Man
  302. Succession in Burned Areas
  303. Succession in Lumbered Areas
  304. Succession by Cultivation
  305. Reactions of Plants upon the Habitat
  306. The Laws of Succession
  307. The Study of Succession
  308. Method of Alternating Stages
  309. The Relict Method
   Experiment 70. The Study of a Secondary Succession
 CHAPTER XV ALTERNATION AND ZONATION
  310. The Relation between Alternation and Zonation
  311. Alternation
  312. Causes of Alternation
  313. Alternation Due to Ecesis
  314. Alternation Due to Competition
  315. Kinds of Alternation
  316. Normal Alternation of Formations, Consocies, etc
  317. Normal Alternation of Species
  318. Numerical Alternation
  319. Corresponsive Alternation
   Experiment 71. Alternation of Species
  320. Zonation
  321. Zones Due to Growth
  322. Zones Due to Migration and Ecesis
  323. Zones Due to Reaction
  324. Zones Due to Physical Factors
  325. Physiographic Symmetry
  326. Symmetry in Vegetation
  327. Kinds of Zonation
  328. Radial Zonation
  329. Bilateral Zonation
  330. Vertical Zonation
  331. Vegetation Zones
   Experiment 72. Zonation of Pond and Meadow Formations
 INDEX